ICE SEA AND GLOBAL WARMING

ICE SEA AND GLOBAL WARMING../images/Emo63.gif

Ice Sea the reason for Global Warming? The real debate over whether or not global warming is actually happening is over the means of proof. So I was very interested to read an article in the December issue of Science that put another perspective on this. The report indicated that humans are contributing more to the retreat of sea ice in the Arctic than is natural climate change. This is because scientists have placed satellite-based observations of Arctic sea ice declines into a larger context, by using a computer model on climate change. "For climate studies, you would ideally like to see hundreds of years of records, but satellite data only goes back a couple of decades," explains Claire Parkinson, a climatologist at NASA´s Goddard Space Flight Center. Satellite data between November 1978 and March 1998 reveals that the overall Arctic ice-sheet has shown a downward trend of 37,000 square kilometres a year. That means a loss of an ice chunk that exceeds a combined area of more than double the whole British Isles. While some scientists might argue that such a loss could occur naturally over time, Parkinson said results of the recent study strongly suggest that humans have played a large role in this decline. To get a broader look, the research team used a global climate model from NOAA´s Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory at Princeton University to see how unusual that trend might be in the context of 5,000 years. "The model simulates what is going on in the ocean, atmosphere and land surface processes," Parkinson said. Data from the model reveals that the likelihood of such a decline was less than two percent over the past 5,000 years, strongly suggesting that mother nature is not the one to blame. The team also examined outputs from computer simulations that include greenhouse gas increases, tending to warm the atmosphere, and aerosol increases, tending to cool the atmosphere. The model results that included these human-induced changes show atmospheric temperature increases and a much better match with the observed sea ice decreases than the model results simulating natural variability. This suggests that the Arctic Sea ice decreases could partially be in response to increasing greenhouse gas levels during the second half of the 20th century. Certainly these results are very worrying as a reduction in the ice sheet will contribute to sea level rise which is going to have a serious effect on low lying cou
 
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It got warmer Regional surface patterns show the presence of above average temperatures across much of the globe in 2001, although large parts of the tropical and north Pacific were cooler than average. Temperatures in Japan were above normal for the fifth year in a row, but cooler than the past three years. In Norway, the average annual temperature was from 0.3 to 0.5°C above the 1961-1990 average, much less than the +1.5°C anomaly recorded in 2000. The annual temperature in the United States was similar to the 2000 average, the 13th warmest since records began in 1895, and temperatures in Australia were near or below the long-term average for the 3rd consecutive year. Canada continued to experience anomalously warm temperatures throughout 2001 and has now had 18 straight seasons of above average temperatures. In the 343-year Central England temperature series, October 2001 was the warmest October on record. Denmark and Germany also experienced their warmest October since records began in the late 19th century, with temperatures in Germany as much as 4°C above average. In contrast, the Russian winter was especially severe in 2000-01. During a two-week period in early 2001, minimum temperatures near -60°C occurred across central and southern Siberia, and more than 100 deaths resulted from hypothermia in the Moscow region alone during the long winter season. Northern India also endured extreme cold in January that contributed to more than 130 deaths. In Bolivia, cold temperatures and snowfall affected a large part of the Andean nation in late June and were associated with several deaths in cities such as La Paz, El Alto and Tarija. Record cold also occurred in parts of Sweden in 2001, although the winter season was warmer than average for the country as a whole. Above average rainfall continued in much of England and Wales during the first 3 months of last year making the 24-month period ending in March 2001 the wettest in the 236-year England and Wales precipitation time series. Northern, western and central areas of Australia received well above average rainfall in 2001, continuing a pattern that has prevailed over the past 3 years. In a 4-day period in January, Alice Springs received 240 mm of precipitation, only 45 mm less than the annual average. Conversely, parts of southwest and much of eastern Australia were drier than normal. Perth, in southwestern Australia, recorded only 98 mm of precipitation from September 2000 to April 2001, 37% of normal, its lowest rainfall total for that period in the 124-year record. In Zambia, the 2000-01 rainy season (October-March) was much wetter than normal in northern areas while drought conditions continued in the southern part of the country. Winter season precipitation (January-February) was 34% of normal in India, the second lowest total in the past 100 years. The summer monsoon season (June-September) was also drier than normal (92% of average) which has exacerbated prevailing water shortages in areas such as West Madhya Pradesh.
 

yanivrizo

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מעבר לבעיית ההתחממות העולמית, ישנה בעיה אפשרית של "תקופת קרח" שלא מהטיית ציר כדה"א. זרם הגולף המפורסם שמחמם את איזור מערב אירופה, מאוד תלוי בריכוז המלחים שבאוקינוס האטלנטי. במידה ורמת המלחים יורדת עשוי זרם הגולף להפסק, ואף זה כבר מתועד מס´ פעמים במהלך ההסטוריה. עקב התמוססותם של קרחונים בצפון אמריקה,כמות גדולה של מים מתוקים נמהלים במימי האוקינוס האטלנטי ומאימים להפסיק את פעילות הזרם המפורסם-מה שיגרור לאירופה כולה להיות נתונה לחסדיו של אוויר פולרי.
 
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